Introduction to Operating Systems

• Overview of operating system functions and goals
• Evolution and history of operating systems
• Types of operating systems (batch, time-sharing, distributed, etc.)

Process Management

• Process concept and process states
• Process scheduling and dispatching
• Interprocess communication and synchronization

Thread Management

• Thread concepts and advantages
• User-level threads vs. kernel-level threads
• Thread synchronization and coordination

CPU Scheduling

• Scheduling criteria and algorithms (FCFS, SJF, RR, etc.)
• Multilevel queue scheduling and priority scheduling
• Scheduling in multiprocessor and real-time systems

Memory Management

• Memory hierarchy and management techniques
• Address translation and memory allocation strategies
• Virtual memory concepts and paging techniques

File Systems and I/O Management

• File system organization and file operations
• File allocation methods (contiguous, linked, indexed)
• I/O devices, device drivers, and I/O operations

Deadlock and Resource Management

• Deadlock detection, prevention, and avoidance
• Resource allocation and scheduling
• Banker's algorithm and deadlock recovery

Process Synchronization and Mutual Exclusion

• Critical section problem and solutions
• Mutex locks, semaphores, and monitors
• Deadlock prevention techniques

Interprocess Communication

• Shared memory and message passing
• Synchronization mechanisms for IPC
• Remote procedure call (RPC) and distributed systems

Protection and Security

• Access control and security policies
• Authentication and encryption techniques
• Protection mechanisms and security threats

File System Implementation

• File system structure and organization
• File system implementation techniques (FAT, NTFS, etc.)
• Disk scheduling and file caching

Distributed Systems

• Introduction to distributed systems
• Distributed file systems and distributed process management
• Distributed synchronization and consistency

Multiprocessing and Parallelism

• Symmetric multiprocessing and asymmetric multiprocessing
• Parallel processing and parallel algorithms
• Parallel programming models and frameworks

Case Studies and Emerging Trends

• Case studies of popular operating systems (UNIX, Windows, etc.)
• Emerging trends in operating system design (virtualization, cloud computing, etc.)
• Operating system performance and optimization