Introduction to Computer Networks

• Basics of computer networks and their significance
• Network architecture and protocols
• Network topologies and types (LAN, WAN, MAN)

Network Models and Protocols

• OSI and TCP/IP reference models
• Layered architecture and protocol stack
• Overview of network protocols (TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, etc.)

Physical Layer

• Data transmission and encoding techniques
• Multiplexing and modulation
• Transmission media (wired, wireless, fiber optics)

Data Link Layer

• Framing and error detection
• Flow control and error control mechanisms
• Multiple Access Control protocols (Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Token Ring)

Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols

• MAC addressing and Ethernet protocols
• Wireless MAC protocols (CSMA/CA, Wi-Fi)

Network Layer

• IP addressing and subnetting
• Routing algorithms and protocols (RIP, OSPF, BGP)
• IP addressing and IPv6

Transport Layer

• Transport layer services and protocols (TCP, UDP)
• Reliable data transfer and congestion control
• Quality of Service (QoS) and traffic management

Application Layer

• Application layer protocols (HTTP, DNS, FTP, SMTP)
• Socket programming and client-server models
• Network security protocols (SSL/TLS, SSH)

Network Security

• Network threats and vulnerabilities
• Cryptography and encryption techniques
• Network authentication and access control

Wireless and Mobile Networks

• Wireless network architectures (Wi-Fi, cellular networks)
• Mobile IP and Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET)
• Wireless sensor networks

Network Management and Performance

• Network monitoring and management tools
• Performance measurement and analysis
• Network troubleshooting and optimization

Network Virtualization and Software-Defined Networking (SDN)

• Virtual LANs (VLANs) and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
• SDN architecture and components
• Network function virtualization (NFV)

Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT network architectures and protocols
• IoT security and privacy
• IoT applications and case studies

Emerging Trends in Networking

• Cloud computing and network virtualization
• Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and peer-to-peer networks
• Software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) and network automation